![]() Thereafter, he began to train for a military career. At the age of 9, young Richelieu was sent to the College of Navarre in Paris to study philosophy. When he was five years old, Richelieu's father died of fever in the French Wars of Religion, leaving the family in debt with the aid of royal grants, however, the family was able to avoid financial difficulties. ![]() His family belonged to the lesser nobility of Poitou: his father, François du Plessis, seigneur de Richelieu, was a soldier and courtier who served as the Grand Provost of France, and his mother, Susanne de La Porte, was the daughter of a famous jurist. Richelieu has frequently been depicted in popular fiction, notably as the lead villain in Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Three Musketeers and its numerous film adaptations.īorn in Paris on 9 September 1585, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons: he was delicate from childhood, and suffered frequent bouts of ill-health throughout his life. The design quickly became popular throughout France and later spread to other countries. Annoyed by the bad manners that were commonly displayed at the dining table by users of sharp knives (who would often use them to pick their teeth), in 1637 Richelieu ordered that all of the knives on his dining table have their blades dulled and their tips rounded. Richelieu is known as the inventor of the table knife. He was created Duke of Richelieu in 1629. As an advocate for Samuel de Champlain and New France, he founded (1627) the Compagnie des Cent-Associés he also negotiated the 1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye under which Quebec City returned to French rule after English privateers took it in 1629. He became famous for his patronage of the arts and founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. However, although he was a powerful political figure in his own right, events such as the Day of the Dupes ( French: Journée des Dupes) in 1630 showed that Richelieu's power still depended on the king's confidence.Īn alumnus of the University of Paris and headmaster of the College of Sorbonne, Richelieu renovated and extended the institution. Despite suppressing the Huguenot rebellions of the 1620s, he made alliances with Protestant states like the Kingdom of England and the Dutch Republic to help him achieve his goals. In foreign policy, his primary objectives were to check the power of the Habsburg dynasty (reigning notably in Spain and Austria) and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648 after that conflict engulfed Europe. Richelieu sought to consolidate royal power and restrained the power of the nobility in order to transform France into a strong centralized state. ![]() Richelieu became engaged in a bitter dispute with Marie de Médici, the king's mother, and formerly his close ally. He retained that office until his death in 1642, when he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, whose career he had fostered. He continued to rise through the hierarchy of both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a cardinal in 1622 and chief minister to King Louis XIII of France in 1624. He became known as l'Éminence rouge, or " the Red Eminence", a term derived from the title "Eminence" applied to cardinals and from the red robes that they customarily wear.Ĭonsecrated a bishop in 1607, Richelieu was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616. Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu ( French: 9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and clergyman. Crossword Clue Straight, informally Crossword Clue Vacuum brand / No longer published (. that X-rays luggage Crossword Clue "Let's go!" Crossword Clue Derby calculation Crossword Clue Bite symptom Crossword Clue German Mrs. ) Crossword Clue Earth-friendly prefix Crossword Clue Start of a shoppe name Crossword Clue Org. ) Crossword Clue One spelling for a Plains dwelling Crossword Clue _-and-peck Crossword Clue Big name in rum Crossword Clue Included on an email Crossword Clue Periods of time Crossword Clue Hoppy beer letters Crossword Clue Peanut butter cup brand Crossword Clue One who may skip the line, briefly Crossword Clue Came for dinner / Something unusual (. Skippy competitor Crossword Clue Standoffish Crossword Clue Machine parts Crossword Clue _ code map Crossword Clue Tubular pasta Crossword Clue Taken by mouth Crossword Clue Redoes / Runs faster than (insert 61-Across between letters 5 and 6 in this answer) Crossword Clue Tart sherbet flavor Crossword Clue Musical with the song "Tomorrow" Crossword Clue Book jacket / Audibly (.
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